Objective To investigate the changes in the water loss rate and palatability of cockroach-killing gel baits at different time after application. Methods Three commercially available common gel baits were selected: gel bait P (effective constituent: 2.15% imidacloprid), gel bait W (0.5% dinotefuran), and gel bait S (0.5% dinotefuran). Water loss rate was determined by weighing the gel baits over a period of 20 days. The palatability of gel baits to Blattella germanica was determined by observing the feeding behavior of cockroaches during the same period. The analysis of variance and non-parametric test were used to compare the water loss rate and palatability of the gel baits. Results The three gel baits were dotted indoors for 20 days. Water volatilization mainly occurred in the first day, and the water loss rate was (39.73±0.05)% for gel bait P, (32.49±0.04)% for gel bait W, and (22.99±0.16)% for gel bait S, with a statistical difference between the baits ( F=179.966, P=0.005). The weight of the gel baits was generally unchanged during the following 20 days. Under the fresh condition, the feeding frequency and total feeding time of the three gel baits were in the order of P>W>S. The feeding frequency and total feeding time decreased over time for all the three baits. After 7 days, there were no statistical differences in feeding frequency and total feeding time between gel bait P [(14.33±3.54]times and (518.00±237.91) s, respectively) and gel bait W [(15.67±4.85)] times and (414.00±263.92) s, respectively) ( F=0.246, P=0.631; F=0.428, P=0.528); both gel baits P and W showed statistically higher feeding frequencies and statistically longer total feeding time compared with gel bait S [(4.33±2.21)] times and (38.50±19.75) s, respectively) ( F=14.038, P=0.002, P=0.001; F=7.536, P=0.007, P=0.034). After 14 days, gel bait P had better palatability than gel baits W and S. Conclusion The water loss of the gel baits mainly occurs in the first day after placement. The gel baits have the best palatability in the fresh state, and show different degrees of decreases in palatability with time. In general, gel baits P and W have the best palatability within 7 days. It was not found for the correlation between water loss rate and palatability for the three gel baits.

Objective To investigate the effect of residual spraying of lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension on hedgerow in preventing and controlling mosquitoes. Methods This test was initiated on August 13, 2015, with a duration of one month. Two areas (control area and test area) with similar natural conditions and mosquito density were studied. Residual spraying was implemented using low-volume spray on the leaves (especially the backside) of the hedgerow in the test area. The change in the density of adult mosquitoes after spraying was continuously monitored by the CO ₂ lamp trapping method. The prevention and control effect was evaluated by the decrease rate (%) of relative density. Results After residual spraying of the hedgerow in the test area, the relative density of mosquitoes showed a decrease rate of more than 80% within 2 weeks and a decrease rate of more than 70% at 3 and 4 weeks after treatment as compared with those in the control area (no insecticide treatment). The study above was repeated once in the same place in mid-August, 2017, with the obtained results basically consistent with those in 2015. Conclusion Taking account of environmental safety and sustainable control of mosquitoes, it can achieve a good control effect on relatively high-density adult mosquitoes by standardized residual spraying on hedgerow using proper insecticides and dosage forms under feasible application environments and conditions accompanied by environmental control measures.

Objective To investigate the biting rate dynamics of mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP), and to analyze the correlation between biting rate and the population density measured by the lamp trapping method. Methods A dynamic monitoring of the biting rate and population density of mosquitoes was conducted by human landing catch and CO ₂ trapping lamp from July to September, 2013. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method and biting rate, and a linear regression analysis was used to build a linear model for prediction of the biting rate based on the mosquito density measured using the CO ₂ trapping lamp. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The biting rate of mosquitoes continuously increased from July to September, and a trough of lamp trapping mosquito density was detected in August. There was a linear correlation between lamp trapping mosquito density and biting rate in July and September, while there was no correlation between them in August. Conclusion The mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method is closely correlated with the biting rate of mosquitoes. Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, and the probability of people being bitten by mosquitoes is significantly correlated with the population density of Cx. pipiens pallens.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Musca domestica to 6 commonly used insecticides in Beijing, China, in 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for rational use of insecticides. Methods Using sweep net or fly trap, the field population of M. domestica was sampled from 6 urban districts in Beijing (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Daxing, and Tongzhou) from August to October, 2017. The micro-drip method was used to determine the resistance of M. domestica to 6 commonly used insecticides, i.e., DDVP, chlorpyrifos, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, and propoxur. Bioassay data were pooled, and probit analysis was conducted with POLO-Plus 2.0 software (LeOra Software Inc., Berkeley, CA) to calculate median lethal dose, slope, and their 95% confidence intervals. Results Varying degrees of resistance level of M. domestica to DDVP, chlorpyrifos, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, and propoxur were observed in the 6 urban districts of Beijing (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Daxing, and Tongzhou). The order of insecticide resistance level, from high to low, was propoxur (>500), beta-cypermethrin (42.80-260.01), deltamethrin (14.53-52.15), DDVP (15.22-31.95), lambda-cyhalothrin (11.83-31.48), and chlorpyrifos (2.59-6.38). Conclusion Musca domestica in Beijing has developed resistance to 6 commonly used insecticides, especially to propoxur and beta-cypermethrin, which we suggest should be suspended. In order to prevent the increasing insecticide resistance of M. domestica, the remaining insecticides should be used rationally according to the results of insecticide resistance surveillance.

Objective This study was intended to elucidate the spatial distribution characteristics of fly density, find correlated environmental factors, and respond to the need of fly control in disaster fields. Methods Respectively, in the study, the spatial statistical analysis was used to detect the spatial aggregation of fly population on the scales of village and town. Furthermore, spatial error regression was performed to uncover the correlated environmental factors with fly density on the same two geographic scales. Results The spatial aggregation of fly population displayed statistical significance in flooding sites on the level of village(Moran's I=0.387, P=0.016)and town(Moran's I=0.381, P=0.039), which means that such spatial pattern was not original from random process. Accordingly, as the spatial regression shown, the fly density correlated with different environmental factor on the scales of village and town; The lighting index values was related to village(Correlation Coefficient=0.514)and town(Correlation Coefficient=1.472)scales, while the slop values related only to the village scales(Correlation Coefficient=-2.398). Conclusion Present paper not only shed light on the fly spatial distribution pattern in flooding area in Fangshan, but also could provide direction for the fly control for any disaster sites being similar to flooding region in Fangshan.

Objective The Centers for Disease Control(CDC), at all levels, are the major institutions undertaking the vector surveillance; the application situation of the four vectors surveillance standards(FVSS)in the Chinese CDC system was analyzed here, and the promotion of FVSS on the business of CDC institutions was investigated at the same time. Methods In the study, questionnaire was used to investigate the awareness and application of FVSS by the CDC institutions, the promotion function of FVSS on the business of CDC institution, and the problem of execution of FVSS by the CDC institutions. Results As the results shown, almost 80 percent of among the CDC institutions, were aware of the FVSS's promulgating and had used the FVSS, and 79.14 percent of them believed that the application of FVSS could standardize their surveillance on vectors. In addition, the FVSS were useful in national hygienic city inspection, hygienic assurance for large-scale events, and emergency response to public health events. However, some problems were also found from the survey:first, 37.41 percent institutions didn't receive any FVSS training courses, the FVSS training should been expanded to cover more institutions; second, many methods in FVSS induced disagreement in vector surveillance and should be modified in the future; third, the FVSS should be consistent with the assessment standard system on the vector control. Conclusion The application situation of FVSS and promotion of FVSS in vector control program by CDC institutions was elucidated, which provided the guideline not only for the using of the FVSS by the CDC institution but also the modification of FVSS in the future.

German cockroach (Blattella germanica), the dominant species of cockroaches in China, has an important role in research due to its significance and harmfulness in medicine and economics and being a preponderant research model for many scientific problems. Functional gene research has been the basis for biological research in the post-genome era. RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene (mRNA) silencing where endogenous or exogenous double-strand RNA specifically and efficiently suppresses the expression of a functional gene at cellular and gross levels. In view of the research value of cockroaches and the technical advantage of RNAi, this article briefly reviews the molecular mechanism of RNAi, with an emphasis on the latest research on the functional genes of B. germanica.

Objective To determine the residual spray effect of deltamethrin on German cockroach ( Blattella germanica) and the potential relationship between the kdr mutation and the resistance. Methods The resistance ratio of the two field strain B. germanica to deltamethrin was detected by residual contact (glass jar). The forced contact test was conducted to detect the residual spray effect on 3 representative panels of glass, painted wood and cement. The kdr genotype was determined by sequencing. Results The knockdown rate decreased with the increase in the surface water absorption, with the duration of efficacy shortened. The killing effect of the insecticide varied with the resistance status of different strains. The 3 panels were all able to kill the susceptible and low resistance strains effectively, but had no reliable effect on the strain with moderate resistance. Low and moderate resistant field strains that were tolerant to deltamethrin all had the kdr genotype, with the former having a relatively high frequency of heterozygosis genotype (RS), the latter relatively high in the homozygosis genotype (RR). Conclusion B. germanica resistance to deltamethrin residual spray was closely related to the kdr genotypes. Incorrect use of insecticide may result in the increase of kdr genotype frequency, so frequency and dosage need to be adjusted based on the environment types, the target resistance and the insecticide history with residual spray management combined with toxic or gel bait to achieve the ideal control effect.

Wide application of insecticides has resulted in severe resistance in the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). This study reviews the discovery and molecular and evolutional mechanisms of the knockdown resistance (kdr), also known as the sodium channel resistance, with emphasis on the molecular structure, functional research Methods of kdr mutations and up-to- date representative results. In addition, the latest findings are summarized to inform the prevention, control and resistance monitoring of the cockroaches.

Objective To study the activity of Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) of German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) at different developmental stages (from nymph to adult) and different field strains in Beijing. Methods The specific activity of GSTs and resistance levels of B. germanica were determined by spectrophotometry and contact biossay. Results The specific activity of GSTs increased gradually during the nymph period and reached the highest by week 4, which then decreased to the lowest value during eclosion. The specific activity of GSTs in susceptible strains of B. germanica was 2.70 nmol/(min·mg) with K_m of 2.26 mmol/L and V_max of 0.33 nmol/(min·mg); the specific activity of GSTs in nine field strains ranged from 2.76-8.69 nmol/(min·mg) with K_m of 0.65-2.37 mmol/L and V_max of 0.33-0.54 nmol/(min·mg) V_max. Compared with susceptible strains, field strains had higher specific activity and V_max yet lower K_m values. Field strains also demonstrated different degrees of resistance to two commonly used pesticides (cypermethrin 1.50-8.37 fold; propoxur 1.04-3.34 fold). Conclusion GST activity varied in the developmental stages from nymph to adult, which may be involved in the development of insecticide resistance in the field strains of B. germanica.

Objective To examine vector prevention and control practices for large-scale events in China by describing vector monitoring and control as a part of pest control operations (PCO) in the 2008 Beijing Olypmic Games. Methods Candidate PCO companies were first screened, and eligible bid winners were then trained and tested, during which the services provided were supervised and inspected by the government designated agency. Results The PCO companies achieved satisfying vector control rates during the 2008 Olympic Games. Conclusion A government-funded pest control model for large-scale events has been established, which utilizes well-trained PCO companies under the management, coordination and supervision of health care administrators knowledgable of technical protocols formulated by the disease prevention and control system.

Objective To identify the body and subcellular distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the Blattella germanica. Methods The AChE activities in different body parts and subcells were determined. Results The AChE activities in the head, chest and abdomin of male adults were 56.9%, 19.5% and 23.6% of the total activity, respectively. The difference in activity between the three body parts was statistically significant (F＝127.96，P＜0.05), where the AChE activity in the head was significantly higher than those in the chest and abdomen (P＜0.001). The subcellular organelles in descending order of the total and specific AChE activity were: mitochondria＞microsomes＞cytoplasmic solution＞nuclei and cell debris. Conclusion AChE activities were distributed in the head, chest and abdomen of B. germanica, with the highest in the head accounting for more than 50% of the overall activity. Subcellular distribution showed the highest AChE activity distribution in the mitochondria, accounting for almost 50% of the total activity.

【Abstract】 Objective To analyse effect factors of trap method and bait method, and to discuss how to improve the accuracy of surveillance methods. Methods Two methods combined with powder trace method were used in this study and its effect factors were analyzed. Results The invalid areas surveyed by bait method accounted for 53%, suggesting that the inducement of sweet potato was very weak. Successful surveillance area accounted for 8% and 67% by trap method and powder?trace method, respectively, showing that the reason leading to the insensitivity of rodent to trap method was its strong repellence to new substance. Conclusion There are many factors to affect the surveillance of rodent such as the repellence of rodent to new substance, the lure of baits, the abundance of food, the sensitivity of surveillance facility and the layout of surveillance sites. It is good to improve the accuracy of surveillance by single factor analysis.

【Abstract】 Objective To screen resistance?related gene from the susceptible strains and field resistant strains of Blattella germanica by comparing their gene expression products. Methods Based on the known B.germanica sequence information released by NCBI database, the oligonucleotide probes were designed and synthesized. The oligonucleotide microarray was employed to analyze the expression profile of susceptible and resistant strains and differential expression genes associated with resistance were screened out. The results were confirmed by real time RT?PCR. Results Five differential expression genes were screened out, including three of up?regulated genes (fold change≥2) such as CYP6K1,  alpha?amylase mRNA and aspartic protease precursor and two of  down?regulated  genes (fold change≤0.5) like allergen Bla g 6.0101 mRNA and allergen Bla g 8 mRNA. Conclusion It is possible to screen out differential expression gene by self?made gene chip, and CYP6K1 is perhaps closely related to resistance.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about the mosquito density in Beijing city and Olympic venues by questionnaire. Methods Seven districts and seven Olympic venues were chosen to implement questionnaire survey by stratified random sampling. Results According to survey in the indoor environment, 92.31% of the respondents thought there were only a few mosquitoes in Beijing city, and 96.02% of the respondents thought there were few mosquitoes in Olympic venues. For the outdoor environment, there were 77.81% of the respondents who considered few mosquitoes in Beijing and 97.26% of the respondents considered that few mosquitoes was in the Olympic venues. About 69.85% of the respondents thought there were fewer mosquitoes in 2008 than in 2007 in Beijing. There were 80.60% of the respondents considered Olympic venues were good. Conclusion The mosquito density in both the indoor and outdoor environment in Olympic venues was lower than that in Beijing city, and the mosquito density in 2008 was lower than that in 2007.

【Abstract】 Objective To summarize the successful experience and disadvantage for Beijing Olympic Game by analyzing the integrated vector management (IVM) strategy in green homeland media village.  Methods The integrated management measure was used in this study in which the principles like “devoting main efforts into source reduction, putting chemical control first and combining physical control with environment management”. Results Random investigation showed that above 80% people selected no vectors or seldom vectors. The density of mosquito and fly declined quickly, and the average densities of them were 18.5/lamp·2 h and 29.4/cage·d, which was little higher than that in the other nuclear areas. Rodent and cockroach density was 0. Conclusion It is essential to define organization, carry out the responsibilities and eliminate the breeding site inside and outside of green homeland media village.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about West Nile virus （WNV） in mosquitoes during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and prevent and control West Nile fever. Methods Mosquitoes were collected by  CO2  lamp  trapping  method.  Two  methods, ADAPCO’s Ramp System and MAS’s VecTest Kits, were used to detect WNV in mosquitoes. Results Compared with 2006 and 2007, the density of main vectors decreased significantly in 2008. Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant specie of mosquito, which constituted ratio reached 96.94% in Beijing Olympic venues. There were 22 275 mosquitoes captured in Beijing Olympic venues that all were negative by detection. Conclusion Mosquitoes were controlled effectively in 2008 Olympic Games. No WNV?positive mosquitoes were detected.

【Abstract】 Objective To establish the monitoring system and network of the vector and know the flies density dynamics and its population distribution in the early reconstruction after earthquake in Shifang city. Methods The fly density and its population composition were monitored in tents, removable house, trash can, toilet and hospitals by cage trapping method in 5 towns in Shifang city. Results The flies caught mainly belonged to 3 species，6 genera. Of which,  Chrysomya megacephala was the dominant specie, accounting for 56.0% of the total. In monitored 5 township (town), the density of fly was higher in Luoshui town and Yinghua town, with the density of 358.0 individuals/cage and 91.7 individuals/cage , and the density of flies in Mazu town was the lowest with the density of 13.0 individuals/cage. Conclusion This investigation primarily knew the flies density and its population composition after earthquake in Shifang and filled a gaps in this area, which could provided the basis for the prevention and control of flies.

       【Abstract】 Objective To predict the risk indicators of the harm caused by vectors and the occurrence of related diseases during the Olympic Games by risk recognition and assessment methods. To take response measure timely and reduce effectively the harm caused by vectors in order to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of vector?borne diseases. Methods To grade the risk by analyzing the occurrence probability and consequence of risk event comprehensively. Firstly, educe the list and confirm the classification of the risk by literature consultation, empirical analysis, brain storm and expert advice. Secondly, judge the risk level by risk assessment index matrix method and provide the standard to the risk classification. Results The vector?borne diseases and nuisance caused by vectors could be potential during the Olympic Games. For the probability of the public health event caused by vectors, it certainly happens for the biting and infestation of vectors, and probably occurs for environment disruption. It is rare for the occurrence of cables bitten by rodent and power apparatus disruption. The levels of the public health event damaged by vector are as follows: it is moderate harm for the cable bitten and electronic facility disruption, and it is slight harm for the vector biting and infestation or environment disruption. Conclusion The goal that there is no serious harmful events caused by vectors during Beijing Olympic Games would be certainly realized by scientific recognition and assessment of the risk, comprehensive surveillance of vectors, integrated control, scientific using of pesticide, the organization of emergency response team and the generalization of advanced technology.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about the density and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors at National Stadium by the surveillance, develop and implement the special strategy and control, in order to avoid the harmfulness caused by vectors during the opening and closing ceremony of Olympic Games. Methods Night trapping method was used for the surveillance of rats, CO₂ trapping lamp method for the adult mosquitoes, lava-spoon method and check-container method for larva, baited cage trapping method for the flies and paste catching method for cockroaches. The integrated method was used for the vector prevention and control such as rats, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches. The control effect was evaluated by density surveillance and questionnaire. Results There were 84 spoons sampled from large-scale water, and the positive spoon was 0. A total of 46 containers were checked at the stadium, and no positive container was found. There was no response on the infestation of vectors at the opening and closing ceremony of the Olympic Games by questionnaires to 220 people, and nobody was bitten or annoyed by vectors. Conclusion The strategy and method of vector control especially at the opening and closing ceremony of Olympic Games were successful and effective, which not only provided the safeguard for the opening and closing ceremony but also realized the aim without vector harm.

【Abstract】 Objective To know about the population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors by the successive monitoring from 2006 to 2008 in Beijing Olympic venues, and to provide the scientific basis for vector control. Methods The CO₂ trapping lamp method was used for the surveillance of mosquitoes, baited cage trapping method for the flies, night trapping method for rats and paste catching method for cockroaches. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito, accounting for 96.94% of the caught mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic venues. The dominant species of fly was Sarcophaginae, accounting for 46.13 % of the caught flies. Mus musculus Linnaeus was the dominant species of rats, accounting for 63.30 % of the caught rats. Blattella germanica was the dominant species of cockroaches, and all the captured cockroaches were German cockroaches. Compared with 2006 and 2007, the density of main vectors decreased significantly in 2008. During the period of the Olympic Games, the density of main vectors had been in the low level. The density of mosquito declined 88.57% and 89.26%, 69.88% and 81.63% for the fly density, 100% for the rat density and 99.98% for the cockroach density. Conclusion The density of main vectors decreased significantly during the period of Beijing Olympic Games. No serious harmful events caused by vectors occurred in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The goal about vector control had been realized completely.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the influence of main meteorological parameters on the mosquito density. Methods With the data of mosquito density from 2005 to 2007 provided by Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the meteorological data such as average temperature, average minimum temperature, average maximum temperature, rainfall, rainy days, sunshine time, relative humidity and average wind speed, a multiple stepwise regression would be made with statistical software SAS 9.0. Results The multiple regression co-linearity results showed there was strong linear relationship among average temperature，average minimum temperature and average minimum temperature. The multiple stepwise regression equation was y＝0.533 97X2＋0.078 14X7－2.673 29X8－2.232 56 （X2,  X7 and X8  represented average minimum temperature, relative humidity and average wind speed, respectively）. Conclusion The main meteorological parameters closely related to mosquito density were average minimum temperature, relative humidity and average wind speed. The order which affected mosquito density was in turn average minimum temperature, average wind speed and relative humidity

Objective To develop and implement effective strategies and measures of vector control in order to avoid the harmfulness caused by vectors during the Olympic Games,by analyzing the risks and challenges in vector control.Methods The risk of vector-borne diseases occurrence,nuisance and adverse impact caused by vectors was advanced by analyzing the species,density and the damage of vectors in recent years in Beijing.Control strategies were established according to the monitoring results of the vector population density,resistance and the pathogens in Olympic venues and in urban areas during 2005-2008,as well as the selection of effective control method and management measures.Results The risk of vector-borne diseases occurrence and nuisance caused by vectors existed in Beijing.It was the main control strategies for the vector control in the Olympic Games that included sound management mechanism,a comprehensive density monitoring,the scientific and rational use of pesticide,the consolidated vector control practices,and the organizing of emergency response team.Conclusion It produced the powerful technique support for the vector control of 2008 Olympic Games through the implementation of vectors monitoring and control,the development of vector control technology and the establishment of all kinds of vector control projects.No serious harmful events caused by vectors occurred during Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

Objective To summarize successful experiences and heritage of vector control by analyzing the vector control efficacy in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.Methods The density of vector was monitored comprehensively and systematically in the Olympic core area,Olympic venues and outside of Olympic venues.Large-scale vector control activities were carried out in the area within 2 km and the whole city,with Olympic venues as the key places of vector control.Results The density of vector in the Olympic venues and the whole city declined.The public health goal of the Olympic Games,which was "effective control for the quantity and species of vector in the area related to Olympic Games" was realized completely.Conclusion The measures and practices taken in the Olympic Games were effective.The unique experience,technology and control mechanisms were one of Olympic legacy,which would guide vector control practices in Beijing or the whole country in the future.

Objective To study the role of carboxylesterase in the development of organophosphate resistance and the activity variance of carboxylesterase in different strains of German cockroach( Blattella germanica).Methods Relationship between carboxylesterase and organophosphate resistance in German cockroach was studied with bioassay,biochemical analysis and synergistic test.The cockroaches from the susceptible strain(SS) of laboratory and field strains of different areas in Beijing [Xuanwu(XW) district,Changping(CP) district,Shunyi(SY) district and Shijingshan(SJS) district] were used as test insects. Results The synergistic test showed that synergistic ratio of TPP to malathion and dichlorvos were 1.86 and 1.51 fold in susceptible strain,respectively.And in field strains(XW,CP,SY and SJS),they were 5.79,20.08,15.26 and 4.74 fold for malathion,respectively and 2.00,1.67,2.16 and 4.81 fold for dichlorvos,respectively.There was significant difference between the Michaelis-Menten constants( K _m) and the maximum velocity( V _max) of carboxylesterase from two strains of German cockroach.The K _m and V _max of caboxylesterase in susceptible strain were 0.1580 mmol/L and 58.4225 μmol/(mg pro·min),respectively.And in field strains(XW,CP,SY and SJS),the K _m and V _max of carboxylesterase were 0.1279,0.1071,0.1080,0.1095 mmol/L and 307.2550,338.5755,340.3300,212.4570 μmol/(mg pro·min),respectively.The inhibition medium concentration(I ₅₀) of malathion and dichlorvos to caroxylesterase from SS strain were 17.64 mmol/L and 0.91 μmol/L,respectively.For field strains,the I ₅₀ of malathion were 80.48,35.49,83.24 and 82.29 mmol/L,respectively,and that of dichlorvos were 15.35,7.89,11.52 and 8.60 μmol/L respectively.The inhibition of malathion and dichlorvos to caroxylesterase from SS strain(I ₅₀ were) was much lower than from field strains strain(XW,CP,SY and SJS).Conclusion The enhancement of detoxification activity was one of resistance mechanism to organophosphate in German cockroach.

Objective To investigate mosquito breeding at the victim temporary habitation of Jiuzhou gymnasium,and bring forward the control measure based on the investigation results.Methods Investigate the density of mosquito larva in the river and rice field by lava-spoon method,investigate in the downcomer,lawn,bamboo and wood by the check-container method and investigate the biting of mosquito to victims in the temporary habitation by inquiry method.Results With the coming of summer,the density of mosquito rose gradually,especially in the rice field.The density index was 0.028 lava/spoon on 29 May in east rice field of gymnasium,and 1.830 lava/spoon on 7 June.The density index increased 64 times within 9 days.Conclusion Control mosquito with the integrated management method,improve Jiuzhou gymnasium and circumjacent environments,and eliminate or control larva breeding sites.

Objective Discrimination dosages of 5 insecticides to adult mosquito of Culex pipiens pallens were calculated from full long-dosage probit line which was established by known "susceptible" strains.Methods Mosquitoes were tested by WHO test kits with mortality assessed after 24 hours.Results Discrimination dosages of dichlorvos,deltamethrin,lambda-cypethrin,permethrin and allethrin to adult mosquito of Cx.pipiens pallens were 3300,7700,7900,250 and 200 mg/L,respectively.Conclusion Discrimination dosages of 5 insecticides to adult mosquito could be used for the resistance detection of Cx.pipiens pallens in China.

Objective To confirm the resistance status of Blattella germanica through studying its carboxylesterases(CarE) characteristics systemically and establish a quick, accurate and simple detection method. Methods The optimal concentrations of CarE and substrate, pH, temperature and reaction time of the reaction system, were determined by orthogonal matrix methods. And the optimal group was selected in the experiment. The data was analyzed with range analysis and analysis of variance. Results The results revealed that there were significant difference among various levels of the selected five factors which affected specific activity of CarE from Blattella germanica. The optimal levels of A (CarE concentration), B (substrate concentration), C (reation time), D (reation temperature) and E (pH of reation system) were A ₄ (0.35 head/ml), B ₃ (0.6 mmol/L), C ₁ (5 minutes), D ₄ (40 ℃) and E ₂ (pH 6.5), respectively. The results of range analysis and variance analysis indicated that the optimal combination was A ₄B ₃C ₁D ₄E ₂, and the maximum specific activity of CarE was 37.286 μmol/(mg pro·min) determined under the optimal conditions. The effect of factors on CarE specific activity were in the order of temperature>time>substrate>enzyme concentration>pH. Conclusion The optimal condition were: 0.35 head/ml, 0.6 mmol/L substrate, 5 mintues, 40 ℃, respectively.

Objective To select West Nile virus(WNV) quick detecting methods from mosquitoes which can be used in China. Methods Two methods,ADAPCO's RAMP System and MAS's VecTest kits were selected. The sensitivity and accuracy of these two methods and its cross-reaction with Japanese Encephalitis virus were tested. These two methods also were used to detect WNV in wild mosquitoes. Results The results show that both of the two methods can be used to detect WNV. Ramp system is more sensitive than VecTest kits. RT-PCR confirmed that no false positive and false negative results were obtained. These two methods have no cross-reaction in detecting WNV and Japanese Encephalitis virus. 6 species of wild mosquitoes were detected by these two methods. No WNV was found. Conclusion Both of Ramp system and VecTest can be used to detect WNV.

Objective To study the effect of Empire 20 in field for cookroach control and to evolute the applied prospect of chlorphrifos in China. Methods Three kinds of field,one restaurant(A1),one eatery(A2) and one bakery(A3) and two concentration Empire 20 (100 fold and 50 fold dilurtions) were selected,the cockroach densities of experiment and control were tested before and after spraying with sticktrap adhesive method,and the longlasting efficacies were observed. Results The longlasting efficacy was poor effect for cockroach at A1 and A2 experimental area. The longlasting period was about ten days for A3,and met the need for field control. Conclusion The efficacy of killing and longlasting efficacy of Empire 20 for cockroach will be better if the longlasting insecticides is reserved at the environment.